# Semaglutide References: The Cited Trials and Reviews

> Semaglutide references: the full source list behind this digest — STEP, SUSTAIN-6, SELECT, FLOW, PIONEER, STEP-HFpEF, SURMOUNT-5 and the safety literature, with DOIs and PubMed links.

The peer-reviewed trials, reviews and pharmacovigilance reports behind this notebook, with DOIs and PubMed links.

## About these sources

Every quantitative claim on this site maps to one of the numbered references below. They are peer-reviewed journal articles, randomized-trial reports, systematic reviews and pharmacovigilance analyses, drawn from a single audited source set on semaglutide. Where a DOI or PubMed identifier exists it is given so the original can be retrieved directly. This is an editorial digest of the published literature; the references are the point, and they are listed so any reader can check the figures against the primary record.

## References

[1] Wilding JPH, et al. (STEP 1 Study Group). Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33567185/
[2] Marso SP, et al. (SUSTAIN-6 Investigators). Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27633186/
[3] Lincoff AM, et al. (SELECT Trial Investigators). Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37952131/
[4] Gabery S, et al. Semaglutide lowers body weight in rodents via distributed neural pathways. JCI Insight. 2020. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32213703/
[5] Smits MM, Van Raalte DH. Safety of Semaglutide. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34305810/
[6] Perkovic V, et al. (FLOW Trial Committees and Investigators). Effects of Semaglutide on Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38785209/
[7] Aronne LJ, et al. (SURMOUNT-5 Investigators). Tirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40353578/
[8] Husain M, et al. (PIONEER 6 Investigators). Oral Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (PIONEER 6). N Engl J Med. 2019. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31185157/
[9] Kosiborod MN, et al. (STEP-HFpEF Trial Committees and Investigators). Semaglutide in Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37622681/
[10] Kushner RF, et al. Semaglutide improves cardiometabolic risk factors in adults with overweight or obesity: STEP 1 and 4 exploratory analyses. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.14890
[11] Aroda VR, et al. Efficacy and safety of once-daily oral semaglutide 25 mg and 50 mg compared with 14 mg in adults with type 2 diabetes (PIONEER PLUS). Lancet. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01127-3
[12] Hausner H, et al. Effect of Semaglutide on the Pharmacokinetics of Metformin, Warfarin, Atorvastatin and Digoxin in Healthy Subjects. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2017. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28349387/
[13] Lincoff AM, et al. In adults with overweight or obesity and CVD, but without diabetes, semaglutide reduced MACE (SELECT secondary analysis). Ann Intern Med. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38437690/
[14] Alopecia associated with the use of semaglutide and tirzepatide: A disproportionality analysis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38925559/
[15] Telogen Effluvium Associated With Weight Loss: A Single Center Retrospective Study. Ann Dermatol. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39623615/
[16] Sanyal AJ, et al. (ESSENCE Study Group). Phase 3 Trial of Semaglutide in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40305708/
[17] Mahapatra MK, Karuppasamy M, Sahoo BM. Semaglutide. StatPearls [Internet]. 2024. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603723/
[18] Aroda VR, et al. Current Understanding of Sodium N-(8-[2-Hydroxylbenzoyl] Amino) Caprylate (SNAC) as an Absorption Enhancer: The Oral Semaglutide Experience. Clin Diabetes. 2023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38230324/
[19] Au Yeung SL, et al. Drug-Drug Interactions Between Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists and Oral Medications: A Systematic Review. Drug Saf. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38273155/
[20] McCrimmon RJ, et al. Impact of Semaglutide on Body Composition in Adults With Overweight or Obesity. J Endocr Soc. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.030
[21] Wilding JPH, et al. Weight regain and cardiometabolic effects after withdrawal of semaglutide: The STEP 1 trial extension. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35441470/
[22] Rubino D, et al. Effect of Continued Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Placebo on Weight Loss Maintenance in Adults With Overweight or Obesity (STEP 4). JAMA. 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33755728/
[23] Wharton S, et al. Gastrointestinal tolerability of once-weekly semaglutide 2.4 mg in adults with overweight or obesity, and the relationship between gastrointestinal adverse events and weight loss. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34514682/
[24] A real-world disproportionality analysis of semaglutide: Post-marketing pharmacovigilance data. J Diabetes Investig. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38943656/
[25] Assessment of Thyroid Carcinogenic Risk and Safety Profile of GLP1-RA: A Review. Int J Mol Sci. 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25084346

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A naturalist's field notebook on the semaglutide trial record — observed, sequenced, and cited; not a clinic, not a prescriber, not a vendor.